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The Sinclair ZX Spectrum was a home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research. Based on a Zilog Z80 A CPU running at 3.50 MHz, the Spectrum came with either 16 KB or 48 KB of RAM. The hardware designer was Richard Altwasser of Sinclair Research and the software was written by Steve Vickers on contract from Nine Tiles Ltd, the authors of Sinclair BASIC. Sinclair's industrial designer Rick Dickinson was responsible for the machine's outward appearance. Originally dubbed the ZX82, the machine was later renamed the "Spectrum" by Sinclair to highlight the machine's colour display, compared to the black-and-white of its predecessors, the ZX80 and ZX81.

Description


Video output was to a TV, for a simple colour graphic display. The rubber keyboard (on top of a membrane, similar to calculator keys) was marked with Sinclair BASIC keywords, so that, for example, pressing "G" when in programming mode would insert the BASIC command GO TO. Experienced programmers were thus able to create BASIC programs much faster than on other computers at the time. Programs and data were stored using a normal cassette recorder.

The Spectrum's video display, although rudimentary by today's standards, was perfect at the time for display on portable TV sets, and did not present much of a barrier to game development. Text could be displayed using 32 columns × 24 rows of characters from the Spectrum Character Set, with a choice of 8 colours in either normal or bright mode, which gave 15 shades (black was the same in both modes). The image resolution was 256×192 with the same colour limitations. The Spectrum had an interesting method of handling colour; the colour attributes were held in a 32×24 grid, separate from the text or graphical data, but was still limited to only two colours in any given character cell. This led to what was called colour clash or attribute clash with some bizarre effects in arcade style games. This problem became a distinctive feature of the Spectrum and an in-joke among Spectrum users, as well as a point of derision by advocates of other systems. Other machines available around the same time, for example the Amstrad CPC, did not suffer from this problem. The Commodore 64 used colour attributes, but hardware sprites and scrolling were used to avoid attribute clash.

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The World of Spectrum - A huge archive of software, images and documentation for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
Meta Description: [ World of Spectrum, the official world archive for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and the largest on-line gaming center on the Internet ]

'K' Luny's Spectrum Site - Luny's sideways look at the ZX Spectrum and the software which was available.
Meta Description: [ Luny's bit about the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and some of it's games. You will also find some links to some really good sites that are related to the Spectrum ]

100% ZX Spectrum - Offering information about the Spectrum from its early days through to its eternal life in emulations and the spectrum fans worldwide.

Alan's Speccy Page - Offers the Speccy Games Quiz, challenging the knowledge of Spectrum enthusiasts on a weekly basis.
Meta Description: [ Alan's ZX Spectrum Page - home of the almost amazing Speccy Games Quiz (sorry, couldn't think of a better name for it). ]

Andy's Speccy Page - A personal look at the history of the Sinclair Spectrum.

Bitz - Gallery of music and art inspired by Spectrum games.

Blood's Crap Speccy Page - Site dedicated to the Sinclair ZX Spectrum. Concentrates on software, with a list of rare games, Multiface POKEs and various downloads.
Meta Description: [ It's crap... in a funky skillo kind of way ]

500 Breezer's Speccy Intro - An impressive list of Sinclair Spectrum public domain groups, user groups and magazines.

ChucklePie Productions - Information about the Sinclair ZX Spectrum's architecture, the Z80, retro gaming, tools and people.
Meta Description: [ Original and Retro Underwurlde ]

Classic 8-bit Computers: ZX Spectrum +3 manual - The full manual for the ZX Spectrum +3.

comp.sys.sinclair Sinclair ZX Spectrum FAQ - Covers information on the Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer and questions that appear frequently on the comp.sys.sinclair Usenet newsgroup.

CSSCGC2000 - Official site of the comp.sys.sinclair Crap Games Competition 2000.

Dave's ZX Spectrum Game Zone - A shrine to the most popular British home computer of the 80's. Provides a small number of the author's favourite Spectrum games.

Desert Island Disks - Dedicated to an eponymous (but now defunct) Spectrum fanzine. Includes lists and downloadable copies of program listings featured in Spectrum magazines.

eGroups : ZX_SPECTRUM128K - Message forum dedicated to the ZX Spectrum and related matters.
Meta Description: [ ZX_SPECTRUM128K: ZX Spectrum related chat group ]

Erik's Spectrum Pages - A museum of Spectrum-related images and some utilities.
Meta Description: [ Erik's ZX Spectrum Pages ]

Fishyfish Speccy Maps - Maps of a few Spectrum games, including Jet Set Willy II, Pyjamarama and Sabre Wulf.

404 Flash Beer - ZX Spectrum version of Flasch Bier.

Hack Attack III - Large collection of multiface POKEs for the ZX Spectrum.
Meta Description: [ Massive resource of multiface POKEs for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum. 95% personally tested! ]

Hobbit - Nostalgia page dedicated to the Hobbit computer, a Soviet-era clone of the ZX Spectrum. Provides press articles, Hobbit fonts and links to related sites.
Meta Description: [ Nostalgia page dedicated to the Hobbit computer (Russian/Soviet clone of ZX-Spectrum, with powerful extensions) ]

Ian's ZX Spectrum page - Home page of Ian Collier's ZX Spectrum emulator for X Windows, xz80, and some other Spectrum-related stuff.

Iggy's page - Page for Igor Eged from Slovakia, the owner of a Spectrum 128 and Betadisk. Provides some background information and links to related sites. (In English and Slovak)

Interface 1 Bis - Details of a DIY expansion system providing the Sinclair ZX Spectrum 48K with mass storage and communication capabilities.

Miodrag Stancevic's Home Page - A virtual version of the Sinclair User cassette tapes; File Compressor; SU 121.pdf; Catalog; Emulation Forum.

One Man and His Spectrum - Sinclair ZX Spectrum games designed and produced by Clive Brooker, author of One Man And His Droid. Includes a potted history of Clive's career as a Spectrum programmer and downloadable copies of his games.

Petr Simandl - ZX Spectrum +2A - Page about ZX Spectrum +2A, peripherals and programs created by Petr Simandl. Includes a number of hardware schematics.
Meta Description: [ Page about computer ZX Spetrum +2A, periferies and programms created by me. ]

Ramsoft - Home of the RealSpectrum emulator and various other emulator-related utilities, downloadable from the site. Also provides a collection of demos.

Rebelstar Spectrum Emulation and Remakes - Downloadable Spectrum games, emulators, ROMs and news of remakes of classic titles.
Meta Description: [ Spectrum Games, Roms, Emulators and Remakes ]

Sinclair Spectrum - Chris Wild's collection of Spectrum-related items. Highlights include a repository of information on Spectrum data formats and PC conversions of the classic Spectrum games Lords of Midnight and Doomdark's Revenge.
Meta Description: [ Sinclair Spectrum. this is the home page for all related spectrum stuff. ie: any ol' garbage that i feel fit to cobble together. Currently home to sinclair spectrum dataformats. ]

500 Sinclair Spectrum Webring - A webring for sites about the ZX Spectrum.

Sinclair Spectrums Cyber Hippies - Yahoo group for Spectrum fans, providing somewhere for users to discuss games and happy Spectrum memories.
Meta Description: [ sinclairspectrumscyberhippies: sinclairspectrumscyberhippies ]

Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128 Keypad - Fully documents the keypad produced by Sinclair Research for the ZX Spectrum 128 but never released in the UK. Also describes how to build a compatible keypad.
Meta Description: [ Sinclair Home Page ]

Sinclair ZX Spectrum Flyer - Scanned copy of the original Sinclair ZX Spectrum brochure, circa February 1982.

Snapsearch - Search engine for Sinclair ZX Spectrum files.
Meta Description: [ Sinclair ZX-Spectrum related files search engine. Lets you search for Spectrum games, emulators and documentation. ]

SpecChums - Top lists of games and game characters, heartwarming pictures of a burning Commodore 64 and mugshots of the contributors to the Usenet newsgroup comp.sys.sinclair.

Speccy and Me - A personal site which argues that the Spectrum 48 was one of Sir Clive Sinclair's greatest gifts to man and that it virtually invented the home and small business productivity software market.

Speccy at the Movies - A retrospective review site looking at tie-ins (movies, and books) for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
Meta Description: [ Speccy at the movies is a retrospective review site looking at media based software for the old 8 bit computer, the Sinclair Spectrum ]

Speccy Nokia Mobile Logos - ZX Spectrum inspired logos for Nokia phones.

500 Speccy Soundtracker Instructions - Instructions for Soundtracker and SQ Tracker.

SpeccyGame 2002 - A comp.sys.sinclair non-crap games competition.

Spectrum Mania - Spectrum nostalgia site offering emulators, selected classic software, background information, cheats, maps and links to related sites.

Spectrum Programs - Games and software by Steve Smith.

Spectrum Zone - Concentrates on Spanish games for the Spectrum with covers, screenshots, manuals, reviews and walkthroughs. In English, Spanish and Italian.

The .TZX Vault - Site with the aim to provide an archive of Sinclair ZX Spectrum games in .TZX tape format for preservation purposes.

The Egghead and Haunted House Site - Dedicated to the ZX Spectrum games featuring Egghead and Izzy, star of Haunted House.

The Incomplete Spectrum ROM Assembly - A page devoted to the Z80-based Operating System and Basic Interpreter of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer.
Meta Description: [ ZX Spectrum Rom Assembly File. Assemble your own version of a ZX Operating System ]

The Mad Cumbrian's ZX Spectrum Web Site - A nostalgic look back at the Spectrum. Also has a collection of games to download.

The PieCafe Spectrum Collection - An unusual collection of software for ZX Spectrum emulators.
Meta Description: [ Museum of unusual games for ZX Spectrum, featuring live 'in-browser' exhibits. ]

500 The ResiDOS Homepage - An extension to ZX Spectrum BASIC that operates with the ZXATASP 16-bit IDE interfaces.

The Sinclair Lair - Offers a Sinclair Spectrum Games Finder Service plus a collection of adventure games solutions and Spectrum auctions.

The Sinclair Spectrum - Home of Philip Kendall's comp.sys.sinclair FAQ, also including a collection of Spectrum ROMs and some utilities.

The Speccy Zone - A miscelleneous collection of information on the ZX Spectrum, including links, quizzes and downloadable files.
Meta Description: [ The Speccy Zone, Dedicated to everything Spectrum ]

The Spectrum Appreciation Society - Dedicated to the marvels of the Sinclair Spectrum, with some downloadable programs and samples of Spectrum in-game music.

The Spectrum Hardware Page - Lists all known peripherals for the ZX Spectrum with details and, in many cases, pictures.
Meta Description: [ The Spectrum Hardware Page ]

The Spectrum's Dungeon - A site with many games and utilities for the ZX spectrum emulators.
Meta Description: [ This site is dedicated to the incredible Sir Clive Sinclair's computer: the ZX Spectrum and its family. Este sitio esta dedicado a la increible computadora de Sir Clive Sinclair: la ZX Spectrum y su familia ]

The ZX Spectrum Technical Information Repository - Documents referring to the technical aspects of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, specifically the 48k and + models.
Meta Description: [ The Lil Old Sinclair Computer Technical Information Repository Welcome, here you will find technical information concerning those old 8 bit computers you still love namely the ZX Spectrum and ZX81. ]

Transam - Celebrating 16k Spectrum games with a full list, and articles on the 1982-85 period.
Meta Description: [ A celebration of Ultimate's Trans-Am game for the ZX Spectrum. ]

www.speccy.cz - Archive of Spectrum games, maps and music.

Yahoo! Groups Sinclair Spectrum Users - Forum for those interested in the Sinclair Spectrum and its clones, and related topics such as emulation, programming in BASIC and machine language, and technical details of these computers and their add-on hardware.
Meta Description: [ sinclairspectrumusers: Sinclair Spectrum Users - Everything about Spectrum computers and clones. ]

ZX Box - A project which aims to allow the 48K ZX Spectrum to surf the net. [English Russian]

ZX Download page - Russian software for ZX-Spectrum in TR-DOS format. In Russian and English.
Meta Description: [ Лучший русский софт для ZX-Spectrum! В формате TR-DOS. ]

ZX Format - Manuals, emulators and reviews.

ZX Gate - An easy-to-build ZX 81/ZX Spectrum/Jupiter ACE/TRS80 using gate array logic.

ZX Spectrum - Planet Sinclair - Information, photos and resources for the ZX Spectrum, including a detailed account of its development extracted from Ian Adamson and Richard Kennedy's book Sinclair and the Sunrise Technology

ZX Spectrum hardware DIY - Various hardware projects such as IDE hard disk interface, UVY-RGB converter for 48K models and floppy interface.
Meta Description: [ hardware interface projects ]

ZX Spectrum Hardware DIY Site - Includes the ZXATASP IDE interface and other hardware projects.

ZX Spectrum Review - A review taken from Your Computer, June 1982.

500 ZX Spectrum SE Technical Reference - Provides technical specifications for a considerably souped-up Spectrum clone.

ZX Zone - Concentrates on the Spectrum +3, providing details of the machine's hardware, software and ROMs.
Meta Description: [ Personal site, dedicated to Romanian [software] localization issues, Sinclair Spectrum +3 8-bit computer and just a few other personal things ... ]

zx.yarek.com - Hardware changes and modifications.
Meta Description: [ Documentation, interfaces, upgrades for 8bit computers. ZX Spectrum, Sam, MSX, Amstrad, Timex, Commodore, Atari - memory extension, 8bit IDE interface. ]

[ALT] - [TAB] The Sinclair ZX Spectrum - Provides a brief history of the Spectrum, the author's favourite games and emulation links.

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