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Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A system used for this purpose is termed a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware. Speech synthesis systems are often called text-to-speech (TTS) systems in reference to their ability to convert text into speech. However, systems exist that instead render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech.

Overview of speech synthesis technology


A text-to-speech system (or engine) is composed of two parts: a front-end and a back-end. Broadly, the front-end takes input in the form of text and outputs a symbolic linguistic representation. The back-end takes the symbolic linguistic representation as input and outputs the synthesized speech waveform.

The front-end has two major tasks. First it takes the raw text and converts things like numbers and abbreviations into their written-out word equivalents. This process is often called text normalization, pre-processing, or tokenization. Then it assigns phonetic transcriptions to each word, and divides and marks the text into various prosodic units, like phrases, clauses, and sentences. The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called text-to-phoneme (TTP) or grapheme-to-phoneme (GTP) conversion. The combination of phonetic transcriptions and prosody information make up the symbolic linguistic representation output of the front end.

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Voice Recordings - German firm selling text-to-speech solutions, based on unit selection and diphones. ETeX uses its recording studio (specialized for voice recordings) for text-to-speech voices, voice prompts, and spoken manuals.

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Meta Description: [ Mobile, Voice Aware Software for Cell Phones and Telephony ]

404 An Introduction to Text-To-Speech Synthesis - Detailed introduction of all aspects of speech synthesis by Thierry Dutoit (leading expert).

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Audio Generator for the web - Site offeres technique to add your own voice to web pages and e-mails.

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Meta Description: [ examples of synthesized emotional speech ]

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Emofilt - Prosody-filter to simulate emotional arousal with speech synthesis based on the free-for-non-commercial-use MBROLA synthesis engine available in Java.

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Meta Description: [ demonstrations of German text-to-speech systems. ]

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NeXTeNS: Text-to-Speech for Dutch - The NeXTeNS project aims at developing a modern, clean, multi-platform, open source text-to-speech system for Dutch that is freely available for research and education purposes using Mbrola and Festival components. Initiated by University of Nijmegen and the University of Tilburg.
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