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The domain name system (DNS) is a system that stores and associates many types of information with domain names, but, most importantly, it translates domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses. It also lists mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain. In providing a worldwide keyword-based redirection service, DNS is an essential component of contemporary Internet use.

Useful for several reasons, the DNS is most well-known for making it possible to attach easy-to-remember domain names (such as "wikipedia.org") to hard-to-remember IP addresses (such as 207.142.131.206). Humans take advantage of this when they recite URLs and e-mail addresses. Less recognized, the domain name system makes it possible for people to assign authoritative names, without needing to communicate with a central registrar each time.

A brief history of the DNS


The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP, all the way back to the ARPAnet era. Originally, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from SRI (now SRI International) which mapped an address (eg. 192.0.34.166) to a name (eg. www.example.net.) The Hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems either by default or through configuration and allows users to specify an IP address to use for a hostname without checking the DNS. This file is now used primarily for troubleshooting DNS errors or mapping local addresses to more organic names (the Hosts file can also be used for ad blocking, or it can be used by spyware to hijack a computer). Such a system had inherent limitations, because of the obvious requirement that every time a given computer's address changed, every computer that wanted to communicate with it would need an update to its Hosts file.

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Chinese Domain Name Consortium - Established on May 2000 in Beijing by four NICs. As an independent non-profit organization, CDNC will mainly take in charge of the coordination and regulation about Chinese domain name around the world.

i-DNS.net International - Multilingual internet technology and solutions provider. Different services and products for the registry, registrar and registrant.

ICANN Internationalized Domain Names Internal Working Group - established by ICANN to identify the various internationalization efforts and the issues they raise, to engage in dialogue with technical experts and other participants in these efforts, and to make appropriate recommendations to the Board.
Meta Description: [ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ]

ICANN Public Comments Forum on Internationalized Domain Names - Established for comments and discussion about the introduction of internationalized domain names.

500 IDNConnect - First international event for internationalized domain names. May 28-30, 2003, San Francisco.

Internationalized Domain Name Certified Registrars - List by locations. From VeriSign website.

Multilingual Internet Names Consortium - A non-profit, non-governmental, international organization focuses on the promotion of multilingualisation of Internet names, including Internet domain names and keywords, internationalization of Internet names standards and protocols.

NativeNames - California based company accpeting registrars for multilingual domain names in Arabic, Urdu, Farsi and Cyrillic languages. Fully Multilingual domains with its own Top Level Domains and DNS service.

Network Solutions Global - Registering Multilingual domain names in 350 languages. Including a faq section .
Meta Description: [ Network Solutions is the leading provider of domain name registration. We are the first and largest registrar of domain names and offer web services including domain names, web sites, web hosting, web site promotion, and e-mail services ]

online decoder and encoder for IDNs - Online decoding and encoding of Internationalized Domain Names for testing purposes.

Outstanding.com - multilingual domain name registration service.
Meta Description: [ outstanding domain name registration and web hosting service for individuals and businesses that wish to have a unique web address and a online presence on the Internet. Providing affordable wholesale prices for domains at competitive prices. Including free Domain Name Search, web forwarding, e-m... ]

Unicode Domain Names - A multilingual domain names registration center providing Chinese, Japanese and Korean domain names.

VeriSign IDN - VeriSign's informational website on IDNs issues.

VeriSign IDNs - Provides services for adoption of internationalized domain names.

VeriSign Internationalized Domain Name Testbed - Overview of the Verisign testbed for IDNs, technical informations and customer support. A tool for converting an internationalized domain name to its RACE version that is stored in their whois database is available.

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