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The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. The term Indic refers to the same group without the negative connotations of "Aryan". Note that in opposition to the generic adjective Indian, Indic is the term used in the context of Indo-European linguistics, and is not strictly a geographical term, so that non-Indo-European languages spoken in India are not included in the term, while the Mitanni, on the other hand, probably were speakers of an Indic language without ever having settled on the Indian subcontinent.

SIL in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali (ca. 200 million), Punjabi (ca. 100 million), Marathi (ca. 70 million), Gujarati (ca. 45 million), Oriya (ca. 30 million) and Sindhi (ca. 20 million), with a total number of native speakers of more than 900 million.

History


The earliest attestations of the group are in Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the ancient preserved texts of India, the foundational canon of Hinduism known as the Vedas. The language of the Mitanni is of similar age, but is only attested fragmentarily.

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