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Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish logical from flawed arguments.
Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the mid-nineteenth century logic has been commonly studied in mathematics and law. More recently logic is applied in computer science and artificial intelligence. As a formal science, logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and through the study of arguments in natural language. The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialist analyses of reasoning such as probably correct reasoning and arguments involving causality. Logic is also commonly used today in argumentation theory.
Nature of logic
More on [ Logic ]
Constraint :: Languages
Declarative :: Languages
Functional Logic :: Logic based
Multiparadigm :: Languages
OZ is logic, functional lazy and eager, imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, n concurrent programming http://bit.ly/7QCfo6
sj_mackenzie (Stewart Mackenzie ) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 02:50:03 -0000
OZ is logic, functional lazy and eager, imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, n concurrent programming http://bit.ly/7QCfo6
A Comparative Study of Eight Constraint Programming Languages - Compares efficiency of 8 Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) systems in the setting of finite domains, and a specific aspect of their expressiveness: that concerning reification and meta-constraints.
CCL II: Construction of Computational Logics II - Working group (22457: CCL II) in the ESPRIT Basic Research program of European Union, successor project of working group CCL I: people, teams, workshop and conference, summer school, bibliography, archive, annual reports, mail list, systems.
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clp(Q,R) - Implementation of general Constraint Logic Programming scheme introduced by Jaffar, Michaylov 1987. As full as other CLP(R)s: solves linear equations over rational or real valued variables, and covers lazy treatment of nonlinear equations.
CLP(R) Compiler - Description and contact for runtime, compiler (byte-code), constraint solver; free for academic and research use.
CLP(R): Using CLP(R) - Manual, Postscript (450K) or gzipped (130K), from University of New South Wales.
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Constraint Logic Programming: CLP - CLP page at Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (ÖFAI), University of Vienna, Austria: past and present projects and members, teaching, links.
DFKI: MAS Publications: Multi-Agent Systems - Abstract and PostScript version of 'Multi-Agent Planning Using an Abductive Event Calculus' in which a planning service module is incorporated into a constraint-logic framework to gain a strong sense of non-linearity.
Echidna - Constraint logic programming language that includes ideas from object-oriented programming and intelligent backtracking. Constraints include finite domain constraints (as in CHiP) and disjoint real interval domain constraints. FTP Site.
ECLiPSe: The ECRC Constraint Logic Parallel System - Compiler-oriented development environment for constraint-logic applications with extended Prolog technology, persistent knowledge base, constraint-handling facilities and parallelism. Runs on Unix/Linux, beta version for Windows 9x/NT/2000.
Elf Meta-Language - Constraint-logic programming language based on LF Logical Framework; a uniform meta-language for specifying, implementing, and proving properties of programming languages and logics that is implemented as an interpreter in Standard ML.
FormulaOne - Constraint logic programming (CLP) based language. Backtracking, advanced data types (including Bignum) and data structures. IDE/Compiler for Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP.
Meta Description: [ FormulaOne is a constraint logic programming (CLP) system for the development of applications. ]
Intelligent Systems Lab: ISL - At Simon Fraser University, Canada. Research: artificial intelligence including constraint reasoning, heuristic search, intelligent agents. Applies such methods to applications in planning and scheduling, configuration, user-interfaces.
JICSLP'96 Workshop on Parallelism and Implementation Technology - Post-JICSLP'96 Workshop and 1996 Compulog Net Area Meeting on Parallelism and Implementation Technology for (Constraint) Logic Programming Languages.
Nicolog - Constraint logic programming language with the abilities of CLP(BNR) and most of those of cc(FD). Possibility to program directly in projection constraints makes Nicolog more flexible than many CLP systems. FTP site.
OPBDP - Free, logic-based constraint solver: C++ implementation of implicit enumeration algorithm for solving (non)linear 0-1 (or pseudo-Boolean) optimization problems with integer coefficients.
ResearchIndex: Hierarchical Constraint Logic Programming - A constraint describes a relation to maintain; it states what the relationship is versus how to maintain it. In many uses (interactive graphics, planning, document formatting, decision support), one must express preferences (soft constraints), and strict requirements (hard constraints).
Meta Description: [ A constraint describes a relation to be maintained ]
Why Can't Humans Talk to a Computer? - The technical problems are answered by non-procedural logical constraint-based languages like Prolog.
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