A language is a system of arbitary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings.
Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages.
Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.
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Languages :: Programming
Comparison and Review :: Languages

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Languages - Many links to important events in programming language history; text, photos, sorted by year.
A Brief History of Pascal - Article describes basic developments of Algol, Pascal, Modula-2, Simula, Smalltalk, Cedar, Oberon, Component Pascal, BlackBox Component Builder. By Oberon Microsystems, Inc.
A Brief History of Programming Languages - A special Byte Magazine article published for Byte's 20th anniversary special report
C++ History - A researched article about the history of the C++ programming language, including information provided by Bjarne Stroustrup. Bibiliography and related links.
Computer Languages History - Timeline chart, 1954 to today, printable; links to homes of many languages.
Meta Description: [ A Computer Languages History (diagram) ]
Diagram of Languages - Two diagrams showing how many languages are related to each other.
Historic Documents in Computer Science - Original, historic first documents for many early programming languages, like language manualsa, scanned and converted to PDF form.
History and Comparison of Programming Languages - Papers on use history of: comments, labels, literals, parentheses.
History and Evolution - A list of computer languages and some links to compilers for these languages.
Meta Description: [ History or programming languages. For each langage, a link to a free compiler. ]
History of Ada - Contains a large number of links to historical documents and notes about early Ada.
Meta Description: [ History of the Ada programming language. ]
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Java History - Treats early origins, from 1991 to 1995.
Java: Cornerstone of the Global Network Enterprise? - Brian Youman's paper on Java including some historical notes: Java: Cornerstone of the Global Network Enterprise?
O'Reilly: The History of Programming Languages - A poster plots over 50 programming languages on a multi-layered, color-coded timeline.
Meta Description: [ O'Reilly has produced a poster called History of Programming Languages, which plots over 50 programming languages on a multi-layered, color-coded timeline. ]
Pascal History - Brief account of birth, life, and death of Pascal language.
The History of Computer Programming Languages - Short concise article on programming language history with some links.
Visual Programming Languages: A Survey - This paper by Marat Boshernitsan includes an historical overview of some of the pioneering efforts in the field.
Web Programming Languages - Characteristics, alternatives and history of programming languages for the Web - insight into the context in which each language is used.
Meta Description: [ Need professional custom programming? Looking for profitable IT job? Read this free guide to learn more. ]
Wikipedia: PL/I - An encyclopedia description of PL/I history with many links to programming terms.
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