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Electronic paper, also sometimes called e-paper, Electronic ink or e-ink, is a display technology using organic electronics designed to mimic the appearance of regular ink on paper. Unlike a conventional flat panel display, which uses a backlight to illuminate its pixels, electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity or using processor power, while allowing the paper to be changed. One important feature needed is that the pixels be bistable so that the state of each pixel can be maintained without a constant supply of power.

Electronic paper was developed in order to overcome some of the limitations of computer monitors. For example, the backlighting of monitors is hard on the human eye, whereas electronic paper reflects light just like normal paper. It is easier to read at an angle than flat screen monitors. It is lightweight, durable, and highly flexible compared to other display technologies, though it is not as flexible as paper.

Predicted future applications include e-paper books capable of storing digital versions of many books, with only one book displayed on the pages at any one time. Electronic posters and similar advertisements in shops and stores have already been demonstrated.

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Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of tiny, statically charged balls that were black on one side and white on the other. The "text" of the paper was altered by the presence of an electric field, which turned the balls up or down.

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'Radio Paper' from E Ink - An update on E Ink's business deals. [Publishers Weekly]

Are We Ready for Digital Paper? - Commentary on the promise of electronic paper that responds to digital pens. [ZDNet]
Meta Description: [ While digital technology has made great strides, it has yet to replace the simple elegance of a pad and pen. But a Swedish startup has an idea that looks promising. ]

Beyond E-Books: Glimpses of the Future - A report on electronic paper and multimedia books. [Publishers Weekly]

Company Hopes 'Electronic Ink' Will Transform Books and Newspapers - Developers at E-Ink and Xerox are working on electronic replacements for ink and paper that may one day lead to electronic books that are portable, renewable and cheap. [CNN]
Meta Description: [ Developers at E Ink and Xerox are working on electronic replacements for ink and paper that may one day lead to electronic books that are portable, renewable and cheap. ]

Digital Ink - The advantages of electronic ink over plain paper. [Wired]
Meta Description: [ Printed Paper Is Cheap, Cheerful, And Ubiquitous. It's The Bedrock Of A Billion-Dollar Global Industry. And If MIT's Joe Jacobson Can Work Out A Few Little Details, It's Over. ]

E Ink Agreement with Lucent Will Help Develop Electronic Paper - Collaboration announcement between Lucent Technologies and E Ink Corp. [Information Today]

E Ink Corp. - Information on and demonstration of electronic ink technology: non-volatile reflective displays, with dramatic benefits over traditional media: very low mass, low power use, huge sizes (meters across), physically flexible.

E Ink's Message: We're Creating a New Medium - The concept and implications of electronic ink innovations. [BusinessWeek]

E Ink: Your Hands Will Thank You - Coverage of the E-Ink and Philips Components announcement to jointly develop high-resolution e-ink displays for handheld devices, touching on the technology and benefits of such products. [Wired]
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E-Ink for E-Books - The E Ink and Xerox projects with electronic paper. [Biblio Tech Review]

404 E-Ink Writes its Future on E-Paper - J.C. Penney is testing E-Ink's new e-paper technology on erasable signs. A commercially viable product is only three years away. [ZDNet News]
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E-Paper Here Sooner Than You Think - A tongue-in-cheek overview of e-ink projects. [ZDNet AnchorDesk]

E-Paper Moves a Step Nearer - Researchers build a prototype sheet of flexible plastic electronic paper. [BBC News]
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E-Paper Moving Closer - Highlights efforts of Gyricon Media and the E-ink Corporation. [BBC News]
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Electronic Ink Hits Display Screens - Report on E-Ink's electronic paper efforts. [ZDNet]
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Electronic Ink Makes Its Mark - An early look at a J.C. Penney store using electronic ink signs. [Wired]
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Electronic Ink Shows Its True Colors - E-Ink and Xerox are among the companies hoping to change the way you use a pen and paper. A summary of e-ink technology and business. [PC World]
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Electronic Paper Turns the Page - Detailed article on the recent history of e-ink development. [Technology Review]
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Gyricon Media - The company that markets PARC's electronic paper under the trademark SmartPaper. Information about the products nd the company.
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Xerox PARC: Gyricon - Electronic reusable paper using bichromal beads to display information. Low cost and power, non-volatile.

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Spinoff Moves Into E-Ink Market Space - Xerox spins off Gyricon Media, makers electronic reusable paper. [Boston Business Journal]
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