Software cracking is the modification of software to remove encoded copy prevention. Distribution of cracked software ("warez"), or patches to circumvent software protection on software (commonly known as "cracks") is generally an illegal (or more recently, criminal) act of copyright infringement.
Legality
The distribution and use of cracked copies is illegal in almost every
developed country. There have been many
lawsuits over cracking software, but most have been to do with the distribution of the
duplicated product rather than the process of defeating the protection, due to the difficulty of constructing legally sound proof of individual guilt in the latter instance. In the
United States, the passing of the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) legislation made software cracking, as well as the distribution of information which enables software cracking, illegal. However, the law has hardly been tested in the U.S.
judiciary in cases of
reverse engineering for personal use only. The
European Union passed the
European Union Copyright Directive in May 2001, making illegal software copyright infringement in member states.
Methods
The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution. This is accomplished by
reverse engineering the compiled program code using a
debugger such as
SoftICE,
GDB, or
MacsBug until the software cracker reaches the
subroutine that contains the primary method of protecting the software (or by
disassembling an executable file with a program such as
IDA). The binary is then modified using the
debugger or a
hex editor in a manner that replaces a prior branching
opcode with its complement or a
NOP opcode so the key branch will either always execute a specific
subroutine or skip over it. Almost all common software cracks are a variation of this type. Software developers are constantly developing techniques such as
code obfuscation,
encryption, and
self-modifying code to make this modification increasingly difficult.
More on
[ Software cracking ]
Astalavista - Offers security directory and related news.
Meta Description: [ Information Security Portal ]
500
E-Forumz - Forums on hacking and cracking and general computing.
Meta Description: [ Links from the scene, security and downloads, aligned with E-Forumz for all your hack and crack newz ]
FHCF - Flying Horse Cracking Force - Some background information about the group, member list, and some cracking tutorials.
Meta Description: [ FHCF is the biggest Norwegian cracking group, we crack programs for windows, dos, linux, mac, pda and more, we also gamehack/train games etc. ]
Hacking and Cracking 3k - Contains tutorials, hacking utilities, and security tools.
Meta Description: [ hnc3k.com ]
Neworder - Hacking, cracking and security exploits.
Meta Description: [ Computer security and networking portal ]
Reverse Engineering Team - Contains projects, papers and tools.
Serials 2000 - News, discussion, information and help.