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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.

Relationship to hardware


Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

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Icahn launches bid to take Yahoo board
Fri, 16 May 2008 00:00:00 -0700
The proxy battle is on as the billionaire investor backs an alternative slate of directors aiming to revive merger talks with Microsoft. San Francisco
Interpol data analysis bolsters Colombia claim
Fri, 16 May 2008 00:00:00 -0700
Electronic files that Bogota says prove Venezuela offered aid to FARC rebels are found to be unaltered. Interpol on Thursday vouched for the integrity of electronic files downloaded from a dead rebel leader's computer equipment, data that Colombia says strongly indicate that Venezuela offered to aid this nation's largest insurgent group.
CBS agrees to buy Internet media firm CNET
Fri, 16 May 2008 00:00:00 -0700
The network hopes the deal will greatly expand its advertising reach on the Web. Critics say the broadcaster's $1.8-billion offer is too high. In its biggest and boldest move onto the Web, agreed Thursday to buy the Internet media company CNET Networks Inc. for $1.8 billion in a deal that drew flak from critics for its high price and its daunting management challenges.

NPR Topics: Technology

Obama's Cash Machine, Built in Silicon Valley
Fri, 16 May 2008 19:40:00 -0400
For Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, Barack Obama's youth and relatively short resume is a plus. That's the premise of a feature article by Joshua Green, author of an article in The Atlantic titled "The Amazing Money Machine: How Silicon Valley Made Barack Obama This Year's Hottest Start-Up."
Updating the Patriots' Spygate Scandal
Fri, 16 May 2008 08:31:00 -0400
A former Pats' employee told the NFL commissioner and a senator a lot more than had previously been reported. FoxSports.com columnist Peter Schrager explains why, after those meetings, one said the case is closed, but the other called for an investigation.
CBS to Acquire Tech News Provider CNET
Fri, 16 May 2008 06:00:00 -0400
CBS is the latest old media organization to acquire a major network of Internet properties. It announced a deal to acquire CNET, a San Francisco-based network that includes popular Web sites like News.com and Download.com.

 
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