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Philosophy is a field of study that includes diverse subfields such as aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in which people ask questions such as whether God exists, what is the nature of reality, whether knowledge is possible, and what makes actions right or wrong. The fundamental method of philosophy is the use of reasoning to evaluate arguments concerning these questions. However, the exact scope and methodology of philosophy is not rigid. What counts as philosophy is itself debated, and it varies across philosophical traditions.
The term philosophy comes from the Greek word "Φιλοσοφία" (philo-sophia), which means "love of wisdom" or less commonly "friend of wisdom". Many ancient Greek philosophers made the distinction between the desire for wisdom, as opposed to the desire for material things, vices, and the satisfaction of bodily desires. The definition of wisdom for many ancient Greeks would have been about virtue and the desire for knowledge and not false opinions. However, the term is notoriously difficult to define today (see definition of philosophy) because of the diverse range of ideas that have been labeled as philosophy. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy defines it as the study of "the most fundamental and general concepts and principles involved in thought, action, and reality". The Penguin Encyclopedia says that philosophy differs from science in that philosophy's questions cannot be answered empirically, and from religion in that philosophy allows no place for faith or revelation. However, these points are called into question by the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, which states: "the late 20th-century... prefers to see philosophical reflection as continuous with the best practice of any field of intellectual enquiry." Indeed, many of the speculations of early philosophers in the field of natural philosophy eventually formed the basis for modern scientific explanations on a variety of subjects.
Informally, a "philosophy" may refer to a general world view or to a specific ethic or belief.
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MIT's new underwater robot can hover in place
Thu, 25 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0500
MIT researchers have designed the Odyssey IV, a new robotic underwater vehicle that can hover in place like a helicopter and serve as an invaluable tool for deepwater oil explorers, marine archaeologists, oceanographers and others.
Robot wheelchair finds its own way
Fri, 19 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0500
MIT researchers are developing a new kind of autonomous wheelchair that can learn all about the locations in a given building, and then take its occupant to a given place in response to a verbal command.
Memory capacity bigger than previously thought
Mon, 08 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0500
A new study from MIT cognitive neuroscientists may overturn the widespread belief that human memory does not store the details of our experiences. They have shown, given the right setting, the human brain can record an amazing amount of information.
Model helps computers sort data more like humans
Mon, 25 Aug 2008 00:00:00 -0500
In an advance that may impact the field of artificial intelligence, a new model developed at MIT can help computers recognize patterns the same way that humans do. The model can analyze a set of data and figure out which type of organizational structure best fits it.
MIT class asks: Fly me to the moon?
Wed, 21 May 2008 00:00:00 -0500
An MIT graduate class, aimed at figuring out whether MIT could, or should, mount an entry into the $20-million Google Lunar X-Prize competition announced last fall, has arrived at the bottom line: Yes, we can (technically)!
Beaver-like robots face off in annual MIT contest
Fri, 09 May 2008 00:00:00 -0500
Robots designed to toss pool-noodle trees into a river of ping-pong balls ruled over competitors focused on rescuing fuzzy toy beavers in this year's 2.007 contest, "Da (yes) MIT, or Save the Baby Beavers," held on Thursday, May 8, at MIT.
Latest Issue of Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to the special issue on: pluralism and the future of cognitive science
Dale, Rick
The possibility of a pluralist cognitive science
Dale, Rick
On the nature of minds, or: truth and consequences
Edelman, Shimon
Stevan Harnad E-Prints on Cognitive Psychology - Papers on categorical perception, the symbol grounding problem, and consciousness, with particular emphasis on the philosophy of AI.
A Definition of AI - A proposition for a formal definition of AI.
A Philosophical Encounter by Aaron Sloman - In Proceedings 14th International Joint Conference on AI Montreal, August 1995: `A philosophical encounter: An interactive presentation of some of the key philosophical problems in AI and AI problems in philosophy.'
Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness - ASSC promotes research directed toward understanding the nature, function, and underlying mechanisms of consciousness.
Astro Biological Coenergetics - An unorthodox new look at mind, consciousness and perception
Being Real by Judith S. Donath - This appears in Goldberg, K. (ed.) The Robot in the Garden: Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the Age of the Internet, MIT Press
Brain in a Vat - Can bad men make good brains do bad things?
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Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography - Recent works in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of cognitive science, philosophy of artificial intelligence, and on consciousness in the sciences
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Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - A comprehensive and up-to-date collection of terms, definitions, and scholarly works on the topic of Philosophy of Mind that provides useful background material for the study of artificial intelligence theory.
Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation - Discussion of the epistemological status of simulation in a cross-disciplinary setting could contribute to a deeper understanding of relevant issues and so it proved.
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Ethics for Machines - An esssay dealing with how to apply ethics to the possible thinking machines of the future.
God Is the Machine - In the beginning there was 0. And then there was 1. A mind-bending meditation on the transcendent power of digital computation. By Kevin Kelly
Kiss me, you human - By Stephen Humphries: Robot Kismet can walk, talk, and make logical decisions. What's the next step in the quest for artificial intelligence?
Meta Description: [ Kiss me, you human ]
Knowbotic Interface Project - A philosophical and scientific exploration in the art of digital modelling of the human consciousness
MainFrame: Artificial Intelligence - Material on Artificial Intelligence as engineering with emphasis on the exploitation of logic. A topography is presented with logic at the center.
Meta Description: [ Material on Artificial Intelligence as engineering with emphasis on the exploitation of logic.
A topography is presented with logic at the center. ]
Minds, Brains, and Programs - John Searle's seminal text on problems with the metaphor of the brain as computing device in which his famous Chinese Room argument is brought forth as criticism of the philosophical foundation for examining human cognition via computer simulation.
Philosophers of Mind - Links to online papers on AI and Philosophy of Mind.
Meta Description: [ Philosophers of Mind with Papers Online ]
Philosophy and History of AI - Philosophy and history of AI, personalities, links and suggested reading.
Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence - Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography. A massive listing.
Philosophy Topics: AI - AI Topics provides basic, understandable information and helpful resources concerning artificial intelligence, with an emphasis on material available online.
Meta Description: [ AI Topics provides basic, understandable information and helpful resources concerning artificial intelligence, with an emphasis on material available online. ]
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Polycontexturality Homepage - The idea of an extension of classical logic to cover simultaneously active ontological locations develop a philosophical theory and a mathematics of dialectics and of self-referential systems - a cybernetic theory of subjectivity as an interplay of cognition and volition.
Principia Cybernetica - The Principia Cybernetica Project (PCP) is an international organization that tries to tackle age-old philosophical questions with the help of the most recent cybernetic theories and technologies. Stated more precisely, the Project's aim is the computer-supported collaborative development of an evolutionary-systemic philosophy.
PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness - A refereed electronic journal dedicated to supporting the interdisciplinary exploration of the nature of consciousness and its relation to the brain.
Sentience: The next moral dilemma - By Richard Barry: Humankind will have to decide how to live with a new sentient race. Sometime in the future machines will reach a level of intelligence that will challenge, or even surpass our own.
Meta Description: [ Humankind will have to decide how to live with a new sentient race ]
Some Philosophy and AI material - Links to resources for the following topics: Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science Technical Documents.
The Digital Philosopher - by Harvey Blume Can robotics shed light on the human mind? On evolution? Daniel Dennett -- whose work unites neuroscience, computer science, and evolutionary biology -- has some provocative answers. Is he on to something, or just chasing the zeitgeist?
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The mammalian brain - An old, bare-metal programmer looks at the mammalian brain and ventures a few remarks
Thoughts on Artificial Intelligence - Some reflections on Artificial Intelligence and the nature of the Turing Test.
Meta Description: [ Thoughts on Artificial Intelligence ]
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